introduction and nomenclature of carcinoma

introduction & nomenclature of carcinoma

                                                                       notes by vivek rao

Neoplasia:   New growth (Neoplasm); 

 Oncology: ( Greek - Oncos - Tumor), 

Cancer: Malignant tumour (Crab) 

Tumor: Benign/ Malignant. Definitions:

NEOPLASM: ( Rupert Willis) “A neoplasm is an abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of the normal tissues and persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli which evoked the change”.

neoplasia are:

Progressive, 

Purposeless, 

Pathologic,  

Proliferation of cells characterized by loss of control over (Uncontrolled) cell division.

neoplasia -causes disturbances in:

Cell Proliferation - (Immortality/ Autonomous) 

Cell Differentiation - (Resemblance to the cell of origin) 

Relationship between cells & their surrounding stroma.

WHO Estimation – 2000 AD  10 Million new cases of cancer,  6 Million deaths;  1,500 Deaths / day !! Worldwide :

1. Lungs1. Lungs -- 24.7%24.7% 2. Breast2. Breast -- 16%16% 3. Colon &3. Colon & RectumRectum -- 10.5%10.5% 4.4. LeukemiasLeukemias && LymphomasLymphomas--8.2%8.2% 5. Pancreas5. Pancreas -- 5.5%5.5% Cancer Death Rates ( Females ):

NOMENCLATURE

CRITERIA USED: Hybrid of 

Histiogenesis, 

Embryogenesis, 

Biological behavior, 

Eponyms, Gross and 

microscopic structure & Site of origin……………………… etc., Nomenclature :

 All have suffix …. oma

Biological behavior 

** Benign 

** Malignant 

Histogenesis 

Epithelial 

Mesenchymal 

Germ cell Classification: 

Connective Tissue Tumors:

Benign - Tissue of origin + …oma

 Adipose tissue = Lipoma, 

Skeletal muscle = Rhabdomyoma 

Smooth muscle cells= Leiomyoma 

Bone = Osteoma 

Cartilage = Chondroma 

Nerve = Schwannoma Nomenclature ( contd….) 

EPITHELIAL TUMORS:

Benign - Papilloma = Squamous, 

                                   = Transitional, 

                - Adenoma = Glands, 

Malignant - ……….Carcinoma, 

                   *** Adeno…….. 

                   *** Squamous cell …… 

                   *** Transitional cell ……

Benign – Adenoma: benign gland-forming epithelial tumor or tumor derived from glandular tissue 

Glands or ducts- Adenoma

                      , - Cystadenoma, 

                        - Papillary Cystadenoma;

SITES OF SQ CELL CARCINOMA

 Skin. ,Lip, Oral cavity, Tongue, Esophagus. ,Uterine cervix. ,Lung. ,Penis.…….,etc.

SITES OF ADENOCARCINOMA

 Stomach ,Intestine ,Gall Bladder ,Lung , Kidney

 Sites of TCC:

Renal Pelvis , Ureter , Urinary Bladder

Combined tumors !

Adenocarcinoma + Squamous cell Carcinoma= Adenosquamous carcinoma. 

Carcinoma + Sarcoma= Carcinosarcoma.

Embryonal tumors: 

Origin - Primitive tissue + Blastoma 

• Retinoblastoma, 
• Nephroblastoma, 
• Neuroblastoma, 
• Hepatoblastoma, 
• Medulloblastoma, 

Eponyms 

• Burkitt’s Lymphoma 
• Ewing’s Sarcoma 
• Kaposi’s Sarcoma 
• Hodgkin lymphoma 
• Wilms tumor 
• Warthin’s tumor 
• Grawitz’s tumor 
• Kruckenberg’s tumor

Miscellaneous: 

Teratoma 

Tissues of all 3 embryonic layers. 

Behavior ranges from benign to aggressive. (Mature/ Immature) 

Most common sites: Ovary and Testis.

Developmental anomalies: Not true tumors, but clinically present as masses. 

Hamartoma -(Hamar =Error), proliferation of tissue normally found at that site. Ex: Hemangioma. 

Choristoma - Heterotopic tissues; collection of tissue not normally found in that anatomic site. Ex: Gastric tissue in Meckel’s diverticulum. 

Misnomers:… 

• Lymphoma, 
• Leukemia, 
• Hepatoma -(Hepatocellular carcinoma) 
• Melanoma -(Melanocarcinoma ) 
• Seminoma, 
• Mesothelioma, 
• Myeloma, 
• Glioma, 
• Meningioma,
• Granuloma, Tuberculoma,